UkuqondaTyphoidUmkhuhlane: Iimpawu, Usulelo, kunye neSicwangciso-qhinga soVavanyo lweSerological

Umkhuhlane wetyphoid sisifo esosulelayo samathumbu esibangelwa yiSalmonella Typhi. Isasazwa ngokutya okanye ngamanzi angcolisekileyo kwaye ixhaphake ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinogutyulo olulambathayo. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka umkhuhlane ophezulu oqhubekayo, intlungu yesisu, i-roseola rash, i-bradycardia ehambelanayo, kunye ne-hepatosplenomegaly. Iimeko ezimandundu zinokubangela ukugqobhozwa kwamathumbu okanye ukopha, kwaye zinokubeka ubomi esichengeni. Ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kunye nokungenelela kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukuqhubeka kwesi sifo kunye nokunciphisa ukufa, kwaye uvavanyo lwe-serological ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo.

Iindlela zothumelo kunye neendawo ezinezehlo eziphezulu

Typhoidumkhuhlane usasazwa ngendlela ye-fecal-oral. Isitulo esisuka kubantu abosulelekileyo okanye abathwali sithwala inani elikhulu lebhaktheriya, enokuthi ingcolise amanzi okanye ukutya, enokuthi yosulele abanye. Esi sifo sihlala sixhaphakile kumazwe asaphuhlayo anjenge-Afrika, uMzantsi Asia, kunye ne-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, ngakumbi kwimimandla eneziseko zogutyulo olubuthathaka kunye nokungafikeleli ngokwaneleyo kumanzi okusela acocekileyo. Abakhenkethi abaya kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko omkhulu nabo basesichengeni sosulelo ukuba basilela ukuthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo okhuseleko.

Iiprothokholi zovavanyo lwe-serological yei-typhoidifiva

Ukuxilongwa kwangoko kwei-typhoid ifiva ingumceli mngeni, njengoko iimpawu zayo zihlala zifana nezo zezinye izigulo ezinomkhuhlane, njengeisifo seengcongconi kwayeidengue ifiva. Inkcubeko yegazi ngumgangatho wegolide wokuqinisekisai-typhoid fever, kodwa le ndlela ithatha ixesha (idla ngokuthatha iintsuku ezininzi), kwaye ubuntununtunu bayo buchatshazelwa yimiba efana nexesha lokuqokelela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane. Ke ngoko, uvavanyo lwe-serological lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo esongezelelweyo sokuxilonga ngenxa yokukhawuleza kunye nokulula.

1. Uvavanyo lweWidal
   Uvavanyo lwe-Widal luvavanyo lwesiqhelo lwe-serological lwefiva yetyphoid, olusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-antibody titers ngokuchasene ne-O (somatic antigen) kunye ne-H (i-antigen ye-flagellar) kwiserum yesigulana. Amanqanaba e-antibody aqala ukunyuka malunga neveki enye emva kokuqala kweempawu.
   • Imfuneko yokusebenza: Iisampulu zeserum ezidityanisiweyo ezivela kuzo zombini izigaba ze-acute kunye ne-convalescent ziyafuneka. Ukunyuka okuphindwe kane okanye ngaphezulu kwe-antibody titer kuthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo yoxilongo.
   • Unyino: Uvavanyo lunengcaciso esezantsi ngokwentelekiso kwaye lunokuvelisa iziphumo ezingezizo (umzekelo, ngenxa yogonyo lwangaphambili okanye usulelo olunolunye.Salmonellaiiserotypes). Kwakhona kunovakalelo olulinganiselweyo kwizigaba zokuqala zesifo.
2. Uvavanyo lwe-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
   Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, itekhnoloji ye-ELISA isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ukufumanisa i-anti-specific antibodies (ezifana ne-anti-Vi antigen IgG kunye ne-IgM), enika uvakalelo oluphezulu kunye neenkcukacha.
   • Izinto eziluncedo: Iyakwazi ukwahlula usulelo olubukhali (IgM-positive) kusulelo lwangaphambili okanye isimo somthwali (IgG-positive). Isampulu ye-serum enye inokubonelela ngesiphumo sokubhekisela, ukunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokuxilonga.
   • Isicelo: Ilungele ngakumbi iindawo ezinoncedo lwezonyango olunyiniweyo okanye njengesixhobo sokujonga ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwendyikityha.
3. Ezinye iindlela zoVavanyo oluKhawulezayo
   Iikiti zovavanyo olukhawulezileyo ezifana novavanyo lwe-colloidal gold immunochromatographic nazo zisetyenzisiwe, ezinokubonelela ngeziphumo zokuqala ngaphakathi kwemizuzu eyi-15-20 kwaye zifanelekile kumaziko okhathalelo oluphambili kunye nokuhlolwa kwendawo.

Nangona uvavanyo lwe-serological lunenzuzo yokuba lukhawuleze kwaye lulungele, iziphumo zalo kufuneka zigwetywe ngokubanzi kunye nokubonakaliswa kwekliniki yesigulane, imbali ye-epidemiological, kunye nezinye iimvavanyo zebhubhoratri (ezifana nenkcubeko yegazi kunye novavanyo lwe-PCR ye-molecular) ukuze ugweme ukuxilongwa kakubi.

UThintelo noNyango

Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintelai-typhoidumkhuhlane kukugcina ucoceko lomntu, ukusela amanzi akhuselekileyo, kunye nokugonyelwai-typhoidifiva. Emva kokuba ifunyenwe, i-antibiotics kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza unyango. Nangona kunjalo, ukwanda kohlobo olunganyangekiyo ngamachiza kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuzise imingeni emitsha kunyango lwezonyango.

Isishwankathelo,i-typhoid umkhuhlane uyaqhubeka nokusongela impilo yoluntu kwimimandla emininzi kwihlabathi jikelele. Uvavanyo lwe-serological, njengesixhobo esincedisayo esibalulekileyo sokuxilonga, kulindeleke ukuba siphucule ngakumbi izinga lokuxilongwa kwangokoi-typhoid umkhuhlane ngenkxaso yobuchwepheshe obuphuculweyo obuqhubekayo, ukunika inkxaso yolawulo olusebenzayo losulelo lwezifo.

Baysen Medicalisoloko igxile kubuchule bokuxilonga ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi . Siphuhlise amaqonga obuchwepheshe ama-5- iLatex, igolide ye-colloidal, iFluorescence Immunochromatographic Assay, iMolekyuli, iChemiluminescence Immunoassay.Sinayo Uvavanyo lweTyphoid IgG/Igm oluKhawulezayo ukuvavanya ukwenzakala kwezintso kwangoko.