Izifo ezithathelwanayo ezithwalwa omiyane: izinsongo nokuvimbela

Omiyane baphakathi kwezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukulunywa kwabo kudlulisa izifo eziningi ezibulalayo, okuholela ekufeni kwabantu abangamakhulu ezinkulungwane emhlabeni wonke unyaka ngamunye. Ngokwezibalo, izifo ezithwalwa omiyane (ezinjengomalaleveva nodenga) zihlasela amakhulu ezigidi zabantu, zibe usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula izifo eziyinhloko ezithathelwanayo ezithwalwa omiyane, izindlela zabo zokudlulisela, kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela nokulawula.

I. Omiyane Basakaza Kanjani Izifo?

Omiyane basakaza amagciwane (amagciwane, izimuncagazi, njll.) kubantu abanaleli gciwane noma ezilwaneni baye kubantu abanempilo ngokumunca igazi. Inqubo yokudlulisela ihlanganisa:

1. Ukulunywa ngumuntu onegciwane: Umiyane uhogela igazi eliqukethe i-pathogen.
2. Ukuphindaphindeka kwe-pathogen ngaphakathi komiyane: Igciwane noma i-parasite ikhula ngaphakathi komiyane (isb, i-Plasmodium iqeda umjikelezo wayo wokuphila ngaphakathi komiyane i-Anopheles).
3. Ukudluliselwa kumsingathi omusha: Uma umiyane uluma futhi, i-pathogen ingena emzimbeni ngamathe.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zomiyane zisakaza izifo ezahlukahlukene, njenge:

• I-Aedes yaseGibhithe– Udenga, Chikv, Zika, Yellow Fever
• Omiyane be-Anopheles– Umalaleveva
• I-Culex omiyane- I-West Nile Virus, i-encephalitis yaseJapane

II. Izifo Ezithathelwanayo Ezithwala Umiyane Ezinkulu

(1) Izifo Ezibangelwa Amagciwane

1. Umkhuhlane Wodenga
   • I-Pathogen: Igciwane lodenga (4 serotypes)
   • Izimpawu: Ukushisa okuphezulu, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ubuhlungu bemisipha; ingase ithuthukele ekuphumeni kwegazi noma ukushaqeka.
   • Izifunda ezingandile: Izindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo (Southeast Asia, Latin America).
2. Isifo seZika Virus
   • Ingozi: Ukutheleleka kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kungabangela i-microcephaly ezinganeni; okuhlobene nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa.

3. I-Chikungunya Fever

• Imbangela: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)
• Izinhlobo zomiyane eziyinhloko: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus
• Izimpawu: Ukushisa okuphezulu, ubuhlungu obukhulu bamalunga (okungase buhlale izinyanga ezimbalwa).

4.I-Yellow Fever

• Izimpawu: Imfiva, i-jaundice, ukopha; izinga lokufa eliphezulu (umgomo uyatholakala).

5.I-encephalitis yaseJapane

• I-Vector:I-Culex tritaeniorhynchus
• Izimpawu: I-Encephalitis, izinga lokufa eliphezulu (elivamile emaphandleni ase-Asia).

(2) Izifo Ezibangelwa Amagciwane

1. Umalaleveva
   • I-Pathogen: I-malaria parasite (i-Plasmodium falciparum ibulala kakhulu)
   • Izimpawu: Ukugodola ngezikhathi ezithile, umkhuhlane ophakeme, kanye ne-anemia. Balinganiselwa ku-600,000 abafa minyaka yonke.
2. I-Lymphatic Filariasis (i-Elephantiasis)
   
   • I-Pathogen: Izikelemu ze-Filarial (I-Wuchereria bancrofti,Brugia malayi)
   • Izimpawu: Ukulimala kwe-lymphatic, okuholela emlenzeni noma ekuvuvukeni kwesitho sangasese.

III. Indlela yokuvimbela izifo ezithwalwa omiyane?

1. Ukuvikelwa Komuntu Siqu
   • Sebenzisa isixosha omiyane (esiqukethe i-DEET noma i-picaridin).
   • Gqoka izingubo ezinemikhono emide futhi usebenzise amanethi omiyane (ikakhulukazi lawo aphathwa ngesibulala-zinambuzane esilwa nomalaleveva).
   • Gwema ukuphuma ngesikhathi somiyane (ukuhwalala nokuntwela kokusa).
2. Ukulawulwa Kwemvelo
   • Susa amanzi amile (isb, ezimbizeni zezimbali nasemathayini) ukuze uvimbele ukuzala komiyane.
   • Fafaza izibulala-zinambuzane endaweni yangakini noma sebenzisa ukulawula kwebhayoloji (isb., ukufuya izinhlanzi zomiyane).
3. Ukugoma
   • Imithi yokugomela i-Yellow fever kanye ne-Japan encephalitis iyimithi yokuvimbela ephumelelayo.
   • Umuthi wokugomela udenga (Dengvaxia) uyatholakala kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kunqunyelwe.

IV. Izinselelo Zomhlaba Wonke Ekulawuleni Izifo

• Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Izifo ezithwalwa omiyane zisabalele ezindaweni ezipholile (isb, udenga eYurophu).
• Ukumelana nama-insecticide: Omiyane bahlakulela ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile.
• Imikhawulo yokugoma: Umuthi wokugomela umalaleveva (RTS,S) uyasebenza kancane; izixazululo ezingcono ziyadingeka.

Isiphetho

Izifo ezithwalwa omiyane zisalokhu ziwusongo olukhulu lwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ukuvimbela okuphumelelayo—ngokulawula omiyane, ukugoma, nezindlela zempilo yomphakathi—kunganciphisa kakhulu izifo. Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe, nokuqwashisa umphakathi kubalulekile ekulweni nalezi zifo esikhathini esizayo.

I-Baysen Medicalihlale igxile kumasu okuxilonga ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lempilo. Senze izinkundla zobuchwepheshe ezi-5- i-Latex, igolide eli-colloidal, i-Fluorescence Immunochromatographic Assay, i-Molecular,Chemiluminescence Immunoassay.SinayoUkuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-Den-NS1, Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-Den-IgG/IgM, Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-Dengue IgG/IgM-NS1 Combo, Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-Mal-PF, Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-Mal-PF/PV, I-Mal-PF/PAN Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo ukuze kusheshe kuhlolwe lezi zifo ezithathelwanayo .