UkuqondaI-typhoidUmkhuhlane: Izimpawu, Ukudluliselwa, kanye Namasu Okuhlola I-Serological

Umkhuhlane we-typhoid isifo esithathelwanayo samathumbu esiyingozi esibangelwa i-Salmonella Typhi. Isakazwa ngokuyinhloko ngokudla noma ngamanzi angcolile futhi ivame kakhulu ezindaweni lapho ukukhucululwa kwendle kungcolile. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa umkhuhlane ongapheli, ubuhlungu besisu, ukuqubuka kwe-roseola, i-bradycardia uma kuqhathaniswa, kanye ne-hepatosplenomegaly. Izimo ezimbi kakhulu zingabangela ukubhobozwa kwamathumbu noma ukopha, futhi zingabeka ngisho nokuphila engozini. Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi nokungenelela kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukuqhubeka kwesifo kanye nokunciphisa ukufa, futhi ukuhlolwa kwe-serological kudlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo.

Imizila yokudlulisa kanye nezindawo ezinezigameko eziphezulu

I-typhoidimfiva idluliselwa ngokuyinhloko ngomzila we-fecal-oral. Indle evela kubantu abathelelekile noma abathwali ithwala amanani amakhulu amagciwane, angangcolisa amanzi noma ukudla, okungenzeka athelele abanye. Lesi sifo sisaqhubeka sisabalele emazweni asathuthuka anjenge-Afrika, iNingizimu Asia naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinengqalasizinda ebuthakathaka yokukhucululwa kwendle kanye nokungafinyeleli ngokwanele kwamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile. Abahambi abaya ezindaweni ezinobungozi kakhulu nabo bangangenwa izifo uma behluleka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele.

Amaphrothokholi okuhlola ama-serological wei-typhoidimfiva

Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kwei-typhoid imfiva inselele, njengoba izimpawu zayo zivame ukufana nezinye izifo ze-febrile, njengeumalaleveva futhiudenga imfiva. Isiko legazi liwumgomo wegolide wokuqinisekisai-typhoid fever, kodwa le ndlela idla isikhathi (imvamisa ithatha izinsuku ezimbalwa), futhi ukuzwela kwayo kuphazanyiswa izici ezifana nesikhathi sokuqoqwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-serological kusetshenziswa kabanzi njengethuluzi lokuxilonga elengeziwe ngenxa yokushesha nokulula.

1. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Widal
   Ukuhlolwa kwe-Widal ukuhlolwa kwe-serological yendabuko ye-typhoid fever, esetshenziselwa ukuthola iziqu ze-antibody ngokumelene no-O (somatic antigen) no-H (i-flagellar antigen) ku-serum yesiguli. Amazinga e-antibody ngokuvamile aqala ukukhuphuka cishe isonto elilodwa ngemva kokuqala kwezimpawu.
   • Isidingo sokusebenza: Kudingeka amasampula e-serum abhanqiwe asuka ezigabeni ezibucayi kanye nese-convalescent. Ukwanda okuphindwe kane noma okukhulu kwe-antibody titer kuthathwa njengokubalulekile ekuxilongeni.
   • Imikhawulo: Ukuhlolwa kunokucaciswa okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa futhi kungase kuveze imiphumela engemihle (isb., ngenxa yokugoma kwangaphambili noma ukungenwa ezinye izifo.I-Salmonellaserotypes). Iphinde ibe nokuzwela okulinganiselwe ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo.
2. I-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
   Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubuchwepheshe be-ELISA buye basetshenziswa kakhulu ukuthola amasosha omzimba aqondene ne-typhoid (njenge-anti-Vi antigen IgG ne-IgM), enikeza ukuzwela okuphezulu nokucacisa.
   • Izinzuzo: Ingakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukutheleleka okunamandla (i-IgM-positive) kusukela ekuthelelekeni kwangaphambilini noma isimo senkampani yenethiwekhi (IgG-positive). Isampula ye-serum eyodwa inganikeza umphumela wereferensi, ifinyeze kakhulu isikhathi sokuxilonga.
   • Isicelo: Ifaneleka kakhulu izindawo ezinezinsiza zokwelapha ezilinganiselwe noma njengethuluzi lokuhlola ngokushesha phakathi nokuqubuka kobhubhane.
3. Ezinye Izindlela Zokuhlola Ngokushesha
   Amakhithi okuhlola asheshayo afana nokuhlolwa kwe-colloidal gold immunochromatographic nawo asesetshenzisiwe, anganikeza imiphumela yokuqala phakathi nemizuzu eyi-15-20 futhi afanele izikhungo zokunakekela okuyisisekelo kanye nokuhlolwa endaweni.

Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwe-serological kunezinzuzo zokushesha futhi kulula, imiphumela yako kufanele yahlulelwe ngokugcwele kuhlanganiswe nokubonakaliswa komtholampilo kwesiguli, umlando we-epidemiological, nokunye ukuhlola kwaselabhorethri (okufana nesiko legazi kanye nokuhlolwa kwamangqamuzana e-PCR) ukuze kugwenywe ukuxilonga kabi.

Ukuvimbela Nokwelashwa

Izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuvimbelai-typhoidimfiva ukugcina inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu, ukuphuza amanzi aphephile, kanye nokugonyelwai-typhoidimfiva. Uma sekutholakele, ama-antibiotic kufanele asetshenziswe ngokushesha ukuze alashwe. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwezinhlobo ezimelana nezidakamizwa eminyakeni yamuva nje kulethe izinselele ezintsha ekwelashweni komtholampilo.

Ngokufigqiwe,i-typhoid umkhuhlane uyaqhubeka nokusongela impilo yomphakathi ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuhlolwa kwe-serological, njengethuluzi elisizayo elibalulekile lokuxilonga, kulindeleke ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuxilongwa kusenesikhathii-typhoid imfiva ngokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ngokuqhubekayo, obuhlinzeka ngokusekela ekulawuleni ngempumelelo ukudluliswa kwezifo.

I-Baysen Medicalihlale igxile kumasu okuxilonga ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lempilo. Senze izinkundla zobuchwepheshe ezi-5- i-Latex, igolide eli-colloidal, i-Fluorescence Immunochromatographic Assay, i-Molecular,Chemiluminescence Immunoassay.Sinayo Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-typhoid IgG/Igm ukuze kuhlolwe ukulimala kwezinso kusenesikhathi.