ʻIke Hope

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā antigens o nā cell koko ʻulaʻula kanaka i kekahi mau ʻōnaehana hui koko e like me ko lākou ʻano a me ka pilina genetic. ʻAʻole kūlike kekahi mau ʻano koko me nā ʻano koko ʻē aʻe a ʻo ke ala wale nō e hoʻopakele ai i ke ola o ka mea maʻi i ka wā o ka hoʻoili koko ʻana, ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mea loaʻa i ke koko kūpono mai ka mea hāʻawi. ʻO nā hoʻoili koko me nā ʻano koko kūlike ʻole e hopena i nā hopena hoʻoili hemolytic e hoʻoweliweli i ke ola. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hui koko ABO ka ʻōnaehana hui koko alakaʻi koʻikoʻi loa no ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā ʻāpana, a ʻo ka ʻōnaehana ʻano hui koko Rh kekahi ʻōnaehana hui koko ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka hui koko ABO i ka hoʻoili koko lapaʻau. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana RhD ka antigenic loa o kēia mau ʻōnaehana. Ma waho aʻe o ka pili ʻana i ka hoʻoili koko, ʻo nā hāpai ʻana me ka hui koko Rh o ka makuahine-keiki e pilikia ana i ka maʻi hemolytic neonatal, a ua hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana no nā hui koko ABO a me Rh maʻamau. ʻO ka Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) ka protein shell waho o ka maʻi hepatitis B a ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻomake i loko ona iho, akā ʻo kona hele ʻana e hele pinepine ʻia e ka maʻi hepatitis B, no laila he hōʻailona ia o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi hepatitis B. Hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ke koko o ka mea maʻi, ka lawai, ka waiū umauma, ka hou, nā waimaka, nā mea huna nasopharyngeal, ka semen a me nā mea huna vaginal. Hiki ke ana ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi i loko o ke serum 2 a 6 mau mahina ma hope o ka maʻi hepatitis B a i ka wā e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ai ka alanine aminotransferase 2 a 8 mau pule ma mua. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā maʻi me ka hepatitis B koʻikoʻi e lilo i mea maikaʻi ʻole i ka wā mua o ka maʻi, ʻoiai ʻo nā maʻi me ka hepatitis B mau loa e hoʻomau i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena maikaʻi no kēia hōʻailona. ʻO ka Syphilis kahi maʻi lele mau i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka treponema pallidum spirochete, kahi i hoʻoili ʻia ma o ka pili pono ʻana i ka moekolohe. Hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia ka tp i ka hanauna e hiki mai ana ma o ka placenta, e hopena ana i nā hānau keiki make, nā hānau mua, a me nā pēpē syphilitic hānau. ʻO ka manawa incubation no tp he 9-90 mau lā, me ka awelika o 3 mau pule. ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau he 2-4 mau pule ma hope o ka maʻi syphilis. I nā maʻi maʻamau, hiki ke ʻike mua ʻia ʻo TP-IgM a nalowale ma hope o ka mālama pono ʻana, ʻoiai hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo TP-IgG ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o IgM a hiki ke noho no kahi manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka maʻi TP kekahi o nā kumu o ka hōʻailona lapaʻau a hiki i kēia lā. He mea nui ka ʻike ʻana i nā antibodies TP no ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o TP a me ka mālama ʻana me nā antibodies TP.
ʻO AIDS, pōkole no Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrame, he maʻi lele mau loa a make i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi pale ʻole kanaka (HIV), ka mea i laha nui ʻia ma o ka moekolohe a me ka kaʻana like ʻana o nā syringes, a ma o ka hoʻoili ʻana mai ka makuahine a i ke keiki a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i ke koko. He mea nui ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka antibody HIV no ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka HIV a me ka mālama ʻana i nā antibodies HIV. ʻO ka hepatitis C viral, i kapa ʻia ʻo hepatitis C, hepatitis C, he hepatitis viral i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi hepatitis C (HCV), i laha nui ʻia ma o ka hoʻoili koko, ka lāʻau nila, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a pēlā aku. Wahi a ka World Health Organization, ʻo ka nui o ka maʻi HCV honua ma kahi o 3%, a ua manaʻo ʻia he 180 miliona mau kānaka i loaʻa i ka HCV, me kahi 35,000 mau hihia hou o ka hepatitis C i kēlā me kēia makahiki. He laha ka Hepatitis C ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka necrosis mumū mau loa a me ka fibrosis o ke ake, a hiki i kekahi mau maʻi ke loaʻa ka cirrhosis a i ʻole ka hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). E hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ka make e pili ana i ka maʻi HCV (ka make ma muli o ka hāʻule ʻana o ke akepaʻa a me ka hepato-cellular carcinoma) i nā makahiki he 20 e hiki mai ana, e hoʻoweliweli nui ana i ke olakino a me ke ola o nā maʻi, a ua lilo ia i pilikia koʻikoʻi no ke olakino pili kanaka a me ka lehulehu. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā antibodies virus hepatitis C ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ka hepatitis C ua lōʻihi ka mahalo ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana diagnostic koʻikoʻi loa no ka hepatitis C.