Ka ʻike hope

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā antigens koko ʻulaʻula kanaka i loko o nā ʻōnaehana pūʻulu koko e like me ko lākou ʻano a me ka pilina genetic.ʻAʻole kūpono kekahi mau ʻano koko me nā ʻano koko ʻē aʻe a ʻo ke ala wale nō e hoʻopakele ai i ke ola o ka mea maʻi i ka wā o ka hoʻokahe koko, ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke koko kūpono mai ka mea hāʻawi.ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana me nā ʻano koko like ʻole ke hopena i nā hopena hemolytic hoʻoweliweli i ke ola.ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hui koko ABO ka ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi alakaʻi koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kino, a ʻo ka ʻōnaehana kikokiko pūʻulu Rh he ʻōnaehana hui koko ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka pūʻulu koko ABO i ka hoʻololi ʻana.ʻO ka ʻōnaehana RhD ka antigenic loa o kēia mau ʻōnaehana.Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻo ka hāpai ʻana me ka makuahine a me ke keiki ʻaʻole pili i ka hui koko Rh i ka maʻi hemolytic neonatal, a ua hana maʻamau ka nānā ʻana no nā hui koko ABO a me Rh.ʻO ka maʻi hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) ʻo ia ka pūmua o waho o ka maʻi hepa B a ʻaʻole ia he maʻi maʻi iā ia iho, akā ua hele pinepine ʻia kona hele ʻana me ka hele ʻana o ka maʻi hepatitis B, no laila he hōʻailona ia o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi hepatitis B. ka maʻi hepa B.Hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ke koko o ka mea maʻi, kohu, waiu o ka waiu, ka hou, nā waimaka, nā mea huna nasopharyngeal, semen a me nā mea huna.Hiki ke ana ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi ma ka serum 2 a 6 mau mahina ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi hepatitis B a i ka wā e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ai ka alanine aminotransferase 2 a 8 mau pule ma mua.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā poʻe maʻi me ka maʻi hepa B aʻe e lilo i mea maikaʻi ʻole i ka wā mua o ke kaʻina o ka maʻi, aʻo ka poʻe maʻi me ka maʻi hepaʻa B mau hiki ke hoʻomau i nā hopena maikaʻi no kēia hōʻailona.ʻO Syphilis kahi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka treponema pallidum spirochete, ka mea i lawe mua ʻia ma o ka hoʻopili pili pono ʻana.tp hiki no hoi ke hooili ia i ka hanauna e hiki mai ana ma o ka placenta, ka hopena o ka hanau make, ka hanau mua ole, a me na keiki syphilitic congenital.ʻO ka manawa incubation no tp he 9-90 mau lā, me ka awelika o 3 pule.ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau he 2-4 mau pule ma hope o ka maʻi syphilis.I nā maʻi maʻamau, hiki ke ʻike mua ʻia ka TP-IgM a nalowale ma hope o ka mālama pono ʻana, ʻoiai hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo TP-IgG ma hope o ke ʻano o ka IgM a hiki ke noho no kahi manawa lōʻihi.ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka maʻi TP ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu o ka maʻi lapaʻau a hiki i kēia lā.He mea nui ka ʻike ʻana i nā antibodies TP no ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o TP a me ka mālama ʻana me nā antibodies TP.
ʻO ka maʻi AIDS, pōkole no Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrame, he maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi a make i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi immunodeficiency kanaka (HIV), i lawe ʻia ma o ka moekolohe a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā syringes, a me ka lawe ʻana o ka makuahine i ke keiki a me ke koko. hoʻoili.He mea nui ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka maʻi HIV no ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka maʻi HIV a me ka mālama ʻana i nā antibodies HIV.ʻO ka maʻi hepatitis C, i kapa ʻia he maʻi hepa C, he maʻi hepa C, he maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi hepatitis C (HCV), i lawe ʻia ma o ke kahe koko, ka lāʻau nila, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau, etc. Wahi a ka World Health Organization, ka honua ʻO ka nui o ka maʻi HCV ma kahi o 3%, a ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 180 miliona mau kānaka i loaʻa i ka maʻi HCV, me 35,000 mau maʻi hou o ka maʻi hepa C i kēlā me kēia makahiki.ʻO ka maʻi hepatitis C ka honua holoʻokoʻa a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka necrosis inflammatory mau loa a me ka fibrosis o ke ake, a hiki i kekahi mau maʻi ke hoʻomohala i ka cirrhosis a i ʻole hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).ʻO ka make e pili ana i ka maʻi HCV (make ma muli o ka hāʻule ʻole o ke ake a me ka maʻi hepato-cellular carcinoma) e hoʻomau i ka piʻi ʻana i nā makahiki he 20 e hiki mai ana, he pilikia nui i ke olakino a me ke ola o nā maʻi, a ua lilo ia i pilikia koʻikoʻi i ka pilikanaka a me ka lehulehu.ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā antibodies maʻi hepa C ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi hepa C i ka wā lōʻihi i manaʻo ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana diagnostic adjunctive koʻikoʻi no ka hepatitis C.