Chidziwitso Chakumbuyo

Ma antigen a maselo ofiira a magazi a anthu amagawidwa m'magulu angapo a magazi malinga ndi mtundu wawo komanso kufunika kwa majini awo. Mitundu ina ya magazi sigwirizana ndi mitundu ina ya magazi ndipo njira yokhayo yopulumutsira moyo wa wodwala panthawi yopatsidwa magazi ndi kupatsa wolandirayo magazi oyenera kuchokera kwa woperekayo. Kuika magazi m'magulu a magazi osagwirizana kungayambitse kusintha kwa magazi m'thupi komwe kungawononge moyo. Dongosolo la gulu la magazi la ABO ndiye dongosolo lofunika kwambiri lotsogolera magulu a magazi poika ziwalo, ndipo dongosolo la Rh blood group type ndi dongosolo lina la magazi lachiwiri pambuyo pa gulu la magazi la ABO pakuika magazi m'thupi. Dongosolo la RhD ndilo loletsa kwambiri ma antigen mwa machitidwe amenewa. Kuwonjezera pa kuikidwa magazi, mimba yokhala ndi kusagwirizana kwa gulu la magazi la Rh kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana imakhala pachiwopsezo cha matenda a hemolytic a makanda, ndipo kuyezetsa magulu a magazi a ABO ndi Rh kwachitika nthawi zonse. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) ndi puloteni yakunja kwa kachilombo ka hepatitis B ndipo sikopatsirana yokha, koma kupezeka kwake nthawi zambiri kumayenderana ndi kukhalapo kwa kachilombo ka hepatitis B, kotero ndi chizindikiro chakuti watenga kachilombo ka hepatitis B. Imapezeka m'magazi a wodwalayo, malovu, mkaka wa m'mawere, thukuta, misozi, kutuluka kwa m'mphuno, umuna ndi kutuluka kwa nyini. Zotsatira zabwino zitha kuyezedwa mu seramu miyezi 2 mpaka 6 mutatenga kachilombo ka hepatitis B komanso pamene alanine aminotransferase yakwera milungu 2 mpaka 8 isanafike. Odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi hepatitis B yoopsa adzakhala opanda kachilombo koyambirira kwa matendawa, pomwe odwala omwe ali ndi hepatitis B yosatha angapitirize kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino za chizindikiro ichi. Chimfine ndi matenda opatsirana osatha omwe amayamba chifukwa cha treponema pallidum spirochete, omwe amafalikira makamaka kudzera mu kugonana mwachindunji. tp imathanso kufalikira ku mbadwo wotsatira kudzera mu placenta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ana abereke ana akufa, kubadwa msanga, ndi makanda obadwa nawo a syphilitic. Nthawi yoberekera ya tp ndi masiku 9-90, ndi avareji ya masabata 3. Matenda nthawi zambiri amakhala masabata 2-4 mutatenga kachilombo ka syphilis. Mu matenda wamba, TP-IgM imatha kuzindikirika kaye kenako n’kutha pambuyo polandira chithandizo choyenera, pomwe TP-IgG imatha kuzindikirika pambuyo poti IgM yaonekera ndipo ikhoza kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuzindikira matenda a TP kudakali chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa matenda mpaka pano. Kuzindikira ma antibodies a TP ndikofunikira popewa kufalikira kwa TP ndi chithandizo ndi ma antibodies a TP.
Edzi, mwachidule mawu akuti Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrame, ndi matenda opatsirana osatha komanso oopsa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kachilombo ka HIV (HIV), komwe kamafalikira makamaka kudzera mu kugonana ndi kugawana ma syringe, komanso kudzera mu kufalikira kwa kachilombo kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana komanso kufalikira kwa magazi. Kuyezetsa ma antibodies a HIV ndikofunikira popewa kufalikira kwa kachilombo ka HIV komanso kuchiza ma antibodies a HIV. Kachilombo ka hepatitis C, komwe kamatchedwa hepatitis C, hepatitis C, ndi kachilombo ka hepatitis komwe kamayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka hepatitis C (HCV), komwe kamafalikira makamaka kudzera mu kuikidwa magazi, singano, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization, kuchuluka kwa matenda a HCV padziko lonse lapansi ndi pafupifupi 3%, ndipo akuti anthu pafupifupi 180 miliyoni ali ndi kachilombo ka HCV, ndipo milandu yatsopano pafupifupi 35,000 ya hepatitis C chaka chilichonse. Kachilombo ka hepatitis C kafala padziko lonse lapansi ndipo kangayambitse kutupa kosatha komanso fibrosis ya chiwindi, ndipo odwala ena amatha kudwala matenda a cirrhosis kapena hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa chifukwa cha matenda a HCV (imfa chifukwa cha kulephera kwa chiwindi ndi khansa ya chiwindi) chidzapitirira kukwera m'zaka 20 zikubwerazi, zomwe zimabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu pa thanzi ndi miyoyo ya odwala, ndipo chakhala vuto lalikulu paumoyo wa anthu komanso wa anthu. Kuzindikira ma antibodies a kachilombo ka hepatitis C ngati chizindikiro chofunikira cha hepatitis C kwakhala kukuyamikiridwa ndi mayeso azachipatala ndipo pakadali pano ndi chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri zodziwira matenda a hepatitis C.