Ulwazi Lwangaphambili

Ii-antigens zeeseli ezibomvu zegazi zabantu zahlulwe zibe ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zeqela legazi ngokwendalo yazo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo ngokwemfuza. Ezinye iintlobo zegazi azihambelani nezinye iintlobo zegazi kwaye indlela ekuphela kwayo yokusindisa ubomi besigulana ngexesha lotofelo-gazi kukunika umntu ofumana igazi elifanelekileyo elivela kumxhasi. Utofelo-gazi oluneentlobo zegazi ezingahambelaniyo lunokubangela ukusabela kotofelo-gazi olusongela ubomi. Inkqubo yeqela legazi le-ABO yeyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo yeqela legazi ekhokelayo kwiklinikhi yokufakelwa amalungu omzimba, kwaye inkqubo yokuthayipha iqela legazi le-RH yenye inkqubo yeqela legazi yesibini emva kweqela legazi le-ABO ekutofweni kwegazi kweklinikhi. Inkqubo ye-RhD yeyona i-antigen kakhulu kwezi nkqubo. Ukongeza ekutofweni igazi, ukukhulelwa kokungahambelani kweqela legazi le-Rh likamama nomntwana kusemngciphekweni wesifo se-hemolytic seentsana, kwaye ukuhlolwa kwamaqela egazi le-ABO kunye ne-Rh kwenziwe rhoqo. I-Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) yiproteni yangaphandle yentsholongwane ye-hepatitis B kwaye ayosuleli ngokwayo, kodwa ubukho bayo buhlala buhamba nobukho bentsholongwane ye-hepatitis B, ngoko ke luphawu lokuba wosulelwe yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis B. Inokufumaneka egazini lesigulana, ematheni, kubisi lwebele, ekujulukeni, kwiinyembezi, kwiincindi zempumlo, kumadlozi nakwincindi yesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Iziphumo ezilungileyo zinokulinganiswa kwi-serum kwiinyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-6 emva kokosulelwa yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis B kwaye xa i-alanine aminotransferase iphakanyisiwe kwiiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-8 ngaphambi. Uninzi lwezigulane ezine-hepatitis B ebukhali ziya kuba ne-negative kwangethuba kwesi sifo, ngelixa izigulane ezine-hepatitis B engapheliyo zinokuqhubeka zineziphumo ezilungileyo zale mpawu. I-Syphilis sisifo esosulelayo esingapheliyo esibangelwa yi-treponema pallidum spirochete, esidluliselwa ikakhulu ngokunxibelelana ngesondo ngokuthe ngqo. I-tp inokudluliselwa kwisizukulwana esilandelayo nge-placenta, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuzalweni komntwana oswelekileyo, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha, kunye neentsana ezizalwa zine-syphilitic. Ixesha lokufunxa i-tp liziintsuku ezi-9-90, kunye nomyinge weeveki ezi-3. Ukugula kudla ngokuba kwiiveki ezi-2-4 emva kokosulelwa yi-syphilis. Kwizifo eziqhelekileyo, i-TP-IgM inokufunyanwa kuqala ize inyamalale emva konyango olusebenzayo, ngelixa i-TP-IgG inokufunyanwa emva kokuvela kwe-IgM kwaye inokubakho ixesha elide. Ukufunyanwa kosulelo lwe-TP kuseyenye yezona ziseko zokuxilongwa kwezonyango ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ukufunyanwa kwee-antibodies ze-TP kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukudluliselwa kwe-TP kunye nonyango ngee-antibodies ze-TP.
I-AIDS, isishunqulelo se-Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrame, sisifo esosulelayo esinganyangekiyo nesibulalayo esibangelwa yintsholongwane ye-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), esidluliselwa ikakhulu ngokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokwabelana ngeesirinji, kunye nokudluliselwa kwegazi ukusuka kumama ukuya kumntwana. Uvavanyo lwe-antibody ye-HIV lubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukudluliselwa kwe-HIV kunye nonyango lwee-antibodies ze-HIV. I-hepatitis C ebangelwa yintsholongwane, ebizwa ngokuba yi-hepatitis C, i-hepatitis C, yi-hepatitis ebangelwa yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis C (HCV), edluliselwa kakhulu ngokutofelwa igazi, inaliti, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, njl. Ngokutsho kwe-World Health Organisation, izinga losulelo lwe-HCV kwihlabathi liphela limalunga ne-3%, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-180 yezigidi zabantu bosulelwe yi-HCV, kunye namatyala amatsha angama-35,000 e-hepatitis C minyaka le. I-Hepatitis C ixhaphake kwihlabathi liphela kwaye inokukhokelela kwi-necrosis engapheliyo yokuvuvukala kunye ne-fibrosis yesibindi, kwaye ezinye izigulana zinokuba ne-cirrhosis okanye i-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ukufa okunxulunyaniswa nosulelo lwe-HCV (ukufa ngenxa yokusilela kwesibindi kunye ne-hepato-cellular carcinoma) kuya kuqhubeka nokwanda kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayo, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwimpilo nakubomi bezigulane, kwaye ibe yingxaki enkulu yempilo yoluntu. Ukuchongwa kwee-antibodies ze-hepatitis C njengophawu olubalulekileyo lwe-hepatitis C kudala kuxatyiswa ziimviwo zeklinikhi kwaye okwangoku sesinye sezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo zokuxilonga i-hepatitis C.