Ulwazi Lwangemuva

Ama-antigen amangqamuzana abomvu egazi abantu ahlukaniswa ngezinhlelo eziningana zeqembu legazi ngokuya ngesimo sawo kanye nokufaneleka kwawo kwezakhi zofuzo. Ezinye izinhlobo zegazi azihambisani nezinye izinhlobo zegazi futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokusindisa impilo yesiguli ngesikhathi sokumpontshelwa igazi ukunikeza otholayo igazi elifanele elivela kumnikeli. Ukumpontshelwa ngezinhlobo zegazi ezingahambisani kungabangela ukusabela kokumpontshelwa kwegazi okusongela impilo. Uhlelo lweqembu legazi le-ABO luyisistimu yegazi eqondisa kakhulu emitholampilo yokufakelwa izitho, kanti uhlelo lokuthayipha iqembu legazi le-RH luyisistimu yeqembu legazi yesibili kuphela kuneqembu legazi le-ABO ekumpontshelweni kwezokwelapha. Uhlelo lwe-RHD luyisistimu ye-antigen kakhulu kulezi zinhlelo. Ngaphezu kokumpontshelwa igazi okuhlobene nokumpontshelwa igazi, ukukhulelwa kokungahambisani kweqembu legazi le-Rh likamama nomntwana kusengozini yesifo se-hemolytic sezingane ezisanda kuzalwa, futhi ukuhlolwa kwamaqembu egazi le-ABO ne-RH kwenziwe njalo. I-Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) iyiprotheni yangaphandle yegciwane le-hepatitis B futhi ayithelelani ngokwayo, kodwa ukuba khona kwayo kuvame ukuhambisana nokuba khona kwegciwane le-hepatitis B, ngakho-ke kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi utheleleke ngegciwane le-hepatitis B. Ingatholakala egazini lesiguli, ematheni, obisini lwebele, ekujulukeni, ezinyembezini, ekukhishweni kwe-nasopharyngeal, esidoda kanye nasekukhishweni kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Imiphumela emihle ingalinganiswa ku-serum ezinyangeni ezi-2 kuya kwezi-6 ngemuva kokutheleleka ngegciwane le-hepatitis B kanye nalapho i-alanine aminotransferase ikhuphuka emavikini ama-2 kuya kwayi-8 ngaphambi. Iningi leziguli ezine-hepatitis B ebukhali lizophenduka libe ne-negative ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, kuyilapho iziguli ezine-hepatitis B engapheli zingase ziqhubeke nemiphumela emihle yalesi sibonakaliso. I-Syphilis yisifo esithathelwanayo esingamahlalakhona esibangelwa yi-treponema pallidum spirochete, esidluliselwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuxhumana kocansi okuqondile. I-tp ingadluliselwa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo nge-placenta, okuholela ekuzalweni kokuzalwa okufile, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nezinsana ezizalwa zine-syphilitic. Isikhathi sokufukamela i-tp siyizinsuku eziyi-9-90, ngesilinganiso samasonto ama-3. Ukugula kuvame ukuba amasonto ama-2-4 ngemuva kokutheleleka nge-syphilis. Ezifweni ezivamile, i-TP-IgM ingatholakala kuqala bese inyamalala ngemva kokwelashwa okusebenzayo, kuyilapho i-TP-IgG ingatholakala ngemva kokuvela kwe-IgM futhi ingaba khona isikhathi eside. Ukutholwa kokutheleleka kwe-TP kusengenye yezisekelo zokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha kuze kube manje. Ukutholwa kwama-antibodies e-TP kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukudluliselwa kwe-TP kanye nokwelashwa ngama-antibodies e-TP.
I-AIDS, isifinyezo se-Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrame, yisifo esithathelwanayo esingamahlalakhona nesibulalayo esibangelwa yigciwane le-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), esidluliselwa kakhulu ngocansi kanye nokwabelana ngamasirinji, kanye nokudluliselwa kwegciwane kusuka kumama kuya enganeni kanye nokudluliselwa kwegazi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody ye-HIV kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukudluliselwa kwe-HIV kanye nokwelashwa kwama-antibodies e-HIV. I-hepatitis C ebangelwa yigciwane, ebizwa ngokuthi i-hepatitis C, i-hepatitis C, iyi-hepatitis ebangelwa yigciwane le-hepatitis C (HCV), edluliselwa kakhulu ngokumpontshelwa igazi, inaliti, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, njll. Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization, izinga lokutheleleka kwe-HCV emhlabeni wonke licishe libe ngu-3%, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-180 batheleleka nge-HCV, kanye namacala amasha angaba ngu-35,000 e-hepatitis C minyaka yonke. I-Hepatitis C isakazeke emhlabeni wonke futhi ingaholela ekushayweni okungapheli kwe-necrosis kanye ne-fibrosis yesibindi, kanti ezinye iziguli zingaba ne-cirrhosis noma ngisho ne-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ukufa okuhlobene nokutheleleka nge-HCV (ukufa ngenxa yokwehluleka kwesibindi kanye ne-hepato-cellular carcinoma) kuzoqhubeka nokwanda eminyakeni engama-20 ezayo, okubeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni nasezimpilweni zeziguli, futhi sekuyinkinga enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi neyezenhlalo. Ukutholwa kwama-antibodies egciwane le-hepatitis C njengophawu olubalulekile lwe-hepatitis C sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwa njengezivivinyo zemitholampilo futhi okwamanje kungenye yamathuluzi okuhlola abaluleke kakhulu e-hepatitis C.